Neurochemical Foundations of Behavior
Tuesday, Thursday, 9:40-10:55
Professor Carol Kellogg Office Hours: After class or by appointment Office: Meliora 186, x5-4801 e-mail: kellogg@bcs.rochester.edu Lab: Meliora 125, x5-8457 Web:http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/bcs/people/faculty/kellogg/kellogg.html
Course Intent:
This course is intended to introduce you to the field of neurochemistry. There are four cornerstones to modern neurochemistry: chemical composition and architecture, metabolic neurochemistry, chemistry of neural transmission, and methodologic development. About half of the course will cover the chemistry of neural transmission and a quarter will cover chemical composition and metabolism. The discipline of behavioral neurochemistry includes topics that range from study of the neurochemical mechanisms that underlie normal behavior to behavioral sequellae that result from severe neurochemical abnormalities. These issues will be considered in the final quarter of the course in a unit designated as functional neurochemistry. However, throughout the course, the functional aspects of all neurochemical mechanisms will be discussed. An introductory knowledge of biochemistry will be helpful in understanding the material presented.
Text:
Basic Neurochemistry, Fifth Edition. Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B., Albers, W., and Molinoff, P. (eds.), Raven Press, 1994.
Examinations:
The course is arranged into four units. An in-class exam will be given at the end of each of the first three units. A take-home exam will cover the fourth unit. The take-home exam questions will be handed out at the last class period and the exam will be due at the time that the final exam for the course is scheduled. Each exam will account for 25% of your final grade. You also may earn extra credit by attending scheduled seminars given around the university and writing a one-page summary of the presentation. The summary must be handed in within one week following the presentation and should briefly describe the rationale and intent for the work reported, the main observations reported and the implications of these observations. Two points (excellent), 1 point (acceptable), or 0 points (unacceptable) will be added to your overall course average for each summary up to a maximum of 6 points (3 reports). You will be notified of appropriate seminars.
Course Schedule and Assigned Readings
* On Reserve, Carlson Library
September 5: Neurochemistry: An Overview.
Introduction to Chemically Mediated Synaptic Transmission
Siegel, et al., Ch. 9
PART ONE: Synaptic Chemistry: Presynaptic Mechanisms
September 10: Acetylcholine
Siegel et al., Ch. 11
September 12: Catecholamines and Serotonin
Siegel et al., Chs. 12 and 13
September 17: Amino Acids
Siegel et al., Chs. 17 and 18
September 19: Peptides, Transmitter Co-existence
Siegel et al., Chs. 15 and 16
*Lundberg, J.M. and Hokfelt, T. (1983).
Coexistence of peptides and Classical neurotransmitters.
Trends in Neuroscience, 6: 325-333.
September 24: Other Chemical Messengers
Siegel et al., Ch. 19
*Dawson, T.M., Dawson, V.L. and Snyder, S.H. (1992).
A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain:
The free radical, nitric oxide. Ann. Neurol., 32: 297-311.
September 26: EXAM ONE
PART TWO: Synaptic Neurochemistry: Postsynaptic Mechanisms
October 1: Receptors: Recognition Site
Siegel et al., Ch. 10
October 3: Receptor-Effector Mechanisms: Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Siegel, Ch. 11, pp. 248-254 (Nicotinic Receptor)
Ch. 17, pp. 374-381 (Glutamate Receptors)
Ch. 18, pp. 391-398 (GABA and Glycine Receptors)
October 8: Fall Break
October 10: Receptor-Effector Mechanisms: Second Messenger Systems
Siegel et al, Chs. 20 and 21
Ch. 12, pp. 270-289 (Catecholamine Receptors)
Ch. 13, pp. 295-306 (Serotonin Receptors)
Ch. 11, pp. 254-259 (Muscarinic Receptors)
Ch. 19, pp. 410-413 (Adenosine Receptors)
October 15: Importance of Phosphorylation to Brain Function
Siegel, Ch. 22
October 17: Importance of Calcium to Brain Function
*Kennedy, M.B. (1989). Regulation of neuronal function
by calcium. Trends in Neuroscience, 12: 417-420.
Ghosh, A. and Greenberg, M.E. (1995). Calcium signaling
in neurons: Molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences.
Science, 268:239- 247.
October 22: EXAM TWO
PART THREE: Cellular and Molecular Neurochemistry
October 24: Maintenance of a Proper Chemical Environment
Siegel et al., Ch. 32
October 29: Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism
Siegel et al., Chs. 31 and 42
October 31: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Siegel et al., Chs. 24 and 25
November 5: Brain Lipids: Role in Membrane Structure and Neural Degeneration
Siegel et al., Chs. 2 and 5
*Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C., (1985). Oxygen radicals
and the nervous system. Trends in Neuroscience, 8: 22-26.
November 7: Brain and Hormone Relationships
Siegel et al., Ch. 49
*Schumacher, M. (1990). Membrane Effects of Steroid Hormones.
Trends in Neuroscience, 13: 359-362.
November 12: EXAM THREE
PART FOUR: Functional Neurochemistry
November 14: Neurochemical Considerations in Stress Responses
*Fisher, L. (1989). Corticotropin-releasing factor: Endocrine
and autonomic integration of responses to stress.
Trends in Pharmacological Science, 10: 189-193.
*Sapolsky, R.M. (1992). Neuroendocrinology of the stress response.
In: Behavioral Endocrionology, M.B. Becker, S.M. Breedlove,
and Crew, D. (Eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 287-324.
*Havoundjian, H., Trullas, R., Paul, S., and Skolnick, P. (1987).
A physiologic role of the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor-chloride
ionophore complex in stress. Adv. Experimental Medicine and
Biology, 221: 459-475.
November 19: No Class, Neuroscience Meeting
November 21: Learning and Memory: Cellular Mechanisms
Siegel et al., Ch. 50
*Brown, T.H., Chapman, P.F., Kairiss, E.W., and Keenan, C.L. (1988).
Long-term synaptic potentiation. Science, 242, 724-727.
*Barnes, C.A. (1990). Synaptic enhancement in hippocampal
circuits: Behavioral evidence for a role in spatial learning.
In: The Biology of Memory, L.R. Squire and E. Lindenlaub, Eds.,
F.K. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 275-291.
*Glanzman, D.L. (1995). The cellular basis of classical
conditioning in Aplysia Californica-it's less simple than you
think. Trends in Neurosciences, 18: 30-36.
November 26: Gender Specific Behavior and Neurochemistry
*Breedlove, S.M. (1992). Sexual differentiation of the brain
and behavior. In: Behavioral Endocrinology, Becker, J.B.,
Breedlove, S.M., and Crews, D. (Eds.), MIT Press,
Cambridge, pp. 39-68.
*Swaab, D.F. and Hofman, M.A. (1995). Sexual differentiation
of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and
sexual orientation. Trends in Neuroscience, 18: 264-270.
*Pilgrim, Ch. and Reisert, I. (1992). Differences between male
and female brains-Developmental mechanisms and implications.,
Horm. Metab. Res., 24: 353-359.
November 28: Thanksgiving Break
December 3: Neurochemical Basis of Mental Illness
Siegel et al., Chs. 47,48
*Brier, A. and Paul, S.M. (1990). The GABAA/benzodiazepine
receptor: Implications for the molecular basis of anxiety.
J. Psychiat. Res., 24: 91-104.
*Chrousos, G.P. and Gold, P.W. (1992). The concepts of
stress and stress system disorders. J. Amer. Med. Assoc.,
267: 1244-1252.
*Weinberger, D.R. (1987). Implications of normal brain development
for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen Psychiat.,
44: 660- 669.
*Goldstein, M. and Deutch, A.Y. (1992). Dopaminergic
mechanisms in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
FASEB J., 6: 2414-2421.
*Jacobs, B.L. (1994). Serotonin, motor activity and
depression-related disorders. American Scientist,
82:456-463.
December 5: Neural Targets of Abused Drugs
Siegel et al., Ch 41
*Koob, G.F. (1992). Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology
and function of reward pathways. Trends in Pharmacol.
Science., 13: 170-176.
*Blum, K., Cull, J.G., Braverman, E.R., Comings, D.E. (1996).
Reward deficiency syndrome. American Scientist, 84:132-145.
*Nestler, E. (1995). Molecular basis of addictive states.
The Neuroscientist, 1:212-220.
December 10: Review; Hand Out Final Exam
December 18: Final Take-Home Exam Due by 4:00 pm