Neurochemical Foundations of Behavior
Tuesday, Thursday, 9:40-10:55
Professor Carol KelloggOffice: Meliora 186, x5-4801 Office Hours: After class or by appointment
Lab: Meliora 125, x5-8457 e-mail: kellogg@bcs.rochester.edu
Web: http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/neuro/
Course Intent:
This course is intended to introduce you to the field of neurochemistry. There are four cornerstones to modern neurochemistry: chemical composition and architecture, metabolic neurochemistry, chemistry of neural transmission, and methodologic development. About half of the course will cover the chemistry of neural transmission and a quarter will cover chemical composition and metabolism. The discipline of behavioral neurochemistry includes topics that range from study of the neurochemical mechanisms that underlie normal behavior to behavioral sequellae that result from severe neurochemical abnormalities. These issues will be considered in the final quarter of the course in a unit designated as functional neurochemistry. However, throughout the course, the functional aspects of all neurochemical mechanisms will be discussed. An introductory knowledge of biochemistry will be helpful in understanding the material presented.
Text:
Basic Neurochemistry, Fifth Edition. Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B., Albers, W., and Molinoff, P. (eds.), Raven Press, 1994.
Additional Sources (On Reserve in Carlson Library)
Cooper, J.R., Bloom, F.E., Roth, R.H. (1996). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. Oxford University Press, NY. This book contains detailed chapters on mechanisms of chemical neurotransmission.
Feldman, R.S., Meyer, J.S., Quenzer, L.F. (1997). Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology., Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Sunderland, MA. This book contains a great deal of detailed information on neurotransmitter mechanisms, but it is not particularly easy reading.
Examinations:
The course is arranged into four units. An in-class exam will be given at the end of each of the first three units. A take-home exam will cover the fourth unit. The take-home exam questions will be handed out at the last class period and the exam will be due on the day that the final exam for the course is scheduled. Each exam will account for 25% of your final grade. The in-class exams involve data analysis and interpretation. The take-home exam will be an essay format and the answers will require integration of diverse material.
Course Schedule and Assigned Readings
* On Reserve, Carlson Library
September 1: Neurochemistry: An Overview.
Introduction to Chemically Mediated Synaptic Transmission
Siegel, et al., Ch. 9
PART ONE: Synaptic Chemistry: Presynaptic Mechanisms
September 3: Acetylcholine
Siegel et al., Ch. 11
8: Catecholamines
Siegel et al., Ch. 12
10: Serotonin
Siegel et al., Ch. 13
15: Amino Acids
Siegel et al., Chs. 17 and 18
17: Peptides, Transmitter Co-existence
Siegel et al., Chs. 15 and 16
*Furness, J.B., Morris, J.L., Gibbins, I.L., Costa, M. (1989) Chemical Coding of Neurons and Plurichemical Transmission. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 29:298-306.
22: Other Chemical Messengers
Siegel et al., Ch. 19
*Lancaster, J.R. (1992). Nitric oxide in cells. American Scientist, 80: 248-259.
24: EXAM ONE
PART TWO: Synaptic Neurochemistry: Postsynaptic Mechanisms
29: Receptors: Recognition Site
Siegel et al., Ch. 10
October 1: Receptor-Effector Mechanisms: Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Siegel, Ch. 11, pp. 248-254 (Nicotinic Receptor)
Ch. 17, pp. 374-381 (Glutamate Receptors)
Ch. 18, pp. 391-398 (GABA and Glycine Receptors)
6: Receptor-Effector Mechanisms: Second Messenger Systems
Siegel et al, Chs. 20 and 21
Ch. 12, pp. 270-289 (Catecholamine Receptors
Ch. 13, pp. 295-306 (Serotonin Receptors)
Ch. 11, pp. 254-259 (Muscarinic Receptors)
Ch. 19, pp. 410-413 (Adenosine Receptors)
8: Importance of Phosphorylation to Brain Function
Siegel, Ch. 22
13: Importance of Calcium to Brain Function
*Kennedy, M.B. (1989). Regulation of neuronal function by calcium. Trends in Neuroscience, 12: 417-420.
*Ghosh, A. and Greenberg, M.E. (1995). Calcium signaling in neurons: Molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences. Science, 268:239-247.
Siegel, et al., Ch. 3, pp. 63-66; Regulation of Intracellular Ca2+
15: EXAM TWO
PART THREE: Cellular and Molecular Neurochemistry
20: Maintenance of a Proper Chemical Environment
Siegel et al., Ch. 32
22: Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism
Siegel et al., Chs. 31 and 42
*Iadecola, C. (1997). Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury. Trends in Neuroscience, 20: 132-139.
Siegel, et al., Ch. 40, pp. 848-854; Hypoxic encephalopathy
27: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Siegel et al., Chs. 24 and 25
29: Brain Lipids: Role in Membrane Structure and
Neural DegenerationSiegel et al., Chs. 2 and 5
*Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C., (1985). Oxygen radicals and the nervous system. Trends in Neuroscience, 8: 22-26.
*Mattson, M.P. (1998). Modification of ion homeostasis by lipid peroxidation: roles in neuronal degeneration and adaptive plasticity. Trends in Neuroscience, 21:53-57.
November 3: Brain and Hormone Relationships
Siegel et al., Ch. 49
*Schumacher, M. (1990). Membrane Effects of Steroid Hormones. Trends in Neuroscience, 13: 359-362.
5: EXAM THREE
PART FOUR: Functional Neurochemistry
10: Neurochemical Aspects of Neuroplasticity
Siegel et al., Ch. 50
*Brown, T.H., Chapman, P.F., Kairiss, E.W., and Keenan, C.L. (1988). Long-term synaptic potentiation. Science, 242, 724-727.
*Glanzman, D.L. (1995). The cellular basis of classical conditioning in Aplysia Californica - it's less simple than you think. Trends in Neuroscience, 18: 30-36.
*Holscher, C. (1997). Nitric oxide, the enigmatic neuronal messenger: Its role in synaptic plasticity. Trends in Neuroscience, 20:298-303.
*Levine, E.S. and Black, I.B. (1997). Trophic factors, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Ann. N.Y. Academy of Science, 835:12-19.
12: Neurochemical Considerations in Stress Responses
*Sapolsky, R.M. (1992). Neuroendocrinology of the stress response. In: Behavioral Endocrinology, M.B. Becker, S.M. Breedlove, and Crew, D. (Eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 287-324.
*Brier, A. and Paul, S.M. (1990). The GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor: Implications for the molecular basis of anxiety. J. Psychiat. Res., 24:91-104.
*Charney, D.S., Grillon, C., Bremner, J.D. (1998). The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear: Circuits, mechanisms, and neurochemical interactions (Part I). The Neuroscientist, 4:35-44.
17: Neurochemical Basis of Major Psychiatric
DisordersSiegel et al., Chs. 47,48
*Chrousos, G.P. and Gold, P.W. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 267: 1244-1252.
*Weinberger, D.R. (1987). Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen Psychiat., 44:660-
669.*Goldstein, M. and Deutch, A.Y. (1992). Dopaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. FASEB J., 6: 2414-2421.
*Lesch, K-P. (1998). Serotonin transporter and psychiatric disorders: Listening to the gene. The Neuroscientist, 4:25-34.
19: Gender Specific Behavior and Neurochemistry
*Breedlove, S.M. (1992). Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior. In: Behavioral Endocrinology, Becker, J.B., Breedlove, S.M., and Crews, D. (Eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 39-68.
*Swaab, D.F. and Hofman, M.A. (1995). Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation. Trends in Neuroscience, 18: 264-270.
*Pilgrim Ch. and Reisert, I. (1992). Differences between male and female brains - Developmental mechanisms and implications. Horm. metab. Res., 24: 353-359.
24-26: Thanksgiving Recess
December 1: Neural Targets of Abused Drugs
Siegel et al., Ch 41
*Koob, G.F. (1992). Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends in Pharmacol. Science., 13:170-176.
*Blum, K., Cull, J.G., Braverman, E.R., Comings, D.E. (1996). Reward deficiency syndrome. American Scientist, 84:132-145.
*Nestler, E. (1995). Molecular basis of addictive states. The Neuroscientist, 1:212-220.
3: Neurochemistry of motor functions
Siegel et al., Ch. 44
Robertson, H.A. (1992). Dopamine receptor interactions: Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Trends in Neuroscience,
15:201-206.Chiel, H.J. and Beer, R.D. (1997). The brain has a body: Adaptive behavior emerges from interactions of nervous system, body and environment. Trends in Neurosci., 20:553-557.
8: Video: MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease
10: Review: Hand Out final exam
19: Final Take-Home Exam Due by 4:00 p.m.